| 5.1 Redundant Layer 2 Topologies |
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| 5.1.1 Redundancy |
| 5.1.2 Issues with Redundancy |
| 5.1.3 Real-world Redundancy Issues |
| 5.2 Introduction to STP |
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| 5.2.1 The Spanning Tree Algorithm |
| 5.2.2 STP BPDU |
| 5.2.3 Bridge ID |
| 5.2.4 Port Roles |
| 5.2.5 STP Port States and BPDU Timers |
| 5.3 STP Convergence |
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| 5.3.1 STP Convergence |
| 5.3.2 Step 1. Electing A Root Bridge |
| 5.3.3 Step 2. Elect Root Ports |
| 5.3.4 Step 3. Electing Designated Ports and Non-Designated Ports |
| 5.3.5 STP Topology Change |
| 5.4 PVST+, RSTP and Rapid-PVST+ |
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| 5.4.1 Cisco and STP Variants |
| 5.4.2 PVST+ |
| 5.4.3 RSTP |
| 5.4.4 Edge Ports |
| 5.4.5 Link Types |
| 5.4.6 RSTP Port States and Port Roles |
| 5.4.7 Configuring Rapid-PVST+ |
| 5.4.8 Design STP for Trouble Avoidance |
| 5.4.9 Troubleshooting STP Operation |